Nigeria & Arab Azawad Liberation Front

Nigeria: Nigeria, as part of the Alliance of Sahel States, conducted intense air campaigns following the attacks in Mali, showing regional cooperation in response to the escalating conflict.

Arab Azawad Liberation Front: The Arab Azawad Liberation Front, a Tuareg-dominated separatist group, along with JNIM, has successfully taken key military bases and towns, aiming to conquer northern Mali and bring down the Malian junta.

Nigeria: Nigeria is mentioned as one of the countries in the region that, following military coups, turned to Russia for help in combating Islamic militants, highlighting a regional trend.

Arab Azawad Liberation Front: Arab Azawad Liberation Front, a Tuareg-dominated rebel group, partnered with Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin to carry out coordinated attacks, claiming control of Mali — Kidal and challenging Mali's military presence in the north.