Russia & Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin

Russia: Russia's Afrika Korps, supporting Mali's military government, suffered a setback as it was unable to prevent the fall of Mali — Kidal and had to withdraw from the city, raising questions about the effectiveness of its security partnership with Mali.

Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin: Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin, an al-Qaeda affiliate, coordinated major attacks across Mali, including the one that killed Sadio Camara, demonstrating its capacity to strike at the core of state power and challenge the government's security.

Russia: Russia has provided mercenary allies to Mali, who were present at the surrendered Tessalit base, indicating Russia's involvement in the conflict and its potential reputational impact.

Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin: The Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin, an Al-Qaeda-linked jihadist group, is cooperating with the Arab Azawad Liberation Front to seize territory and destabilize the Malian junta, including imposing a road blockade on Bamako.

Russia: Russia is mentioned as an ally of Mali, with its mercenaries from the Wagner Group reportedly involved in anti-jihadist operations.

Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin: The Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) claimed responsibility for the attacks in Korikori and Gomossogou, and also conducted large-scale offensives in late April, demonstrating their significant role in the ongoing conflict.