Al-Qaeda & Arab Azawad Liberation Front

Al-Qaeda: Al-Qaeda-linked militants have been fighting the Malian government for over a decade, and their affiliate JNIM coordinated with separatists in the recent attacks.

Arab Azawad Liberation Front: Arab Azawad Liberation Front, a Tuareg-dominated rebel group, partnered with Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin to carry out coordinated attacks, claiming control of Mali — Kidal and challenging Mali's military presence in the north.

Al-Qaeda: Al-Qaeda-linked jihadists, specifically the Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), claimed responsibility for the attacks, indicating their continued operational capability and influence in Mali.

Arab Azawad Liberation Front: The Arab Azawad Liberation Front (FLA), an ethnic Tuareg separatist movement, participated in coordinated offensives with the Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) in late April, capturing towns and imposing a blockade on Bamako.