Arab Azawad Liberation Front & Afrika Korps

Arab Azawad Liberation Front: Arab Azawad Liberation Front, a Tuareg-dominated rebel group, partnered with Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin to carry out coordinated attacks, claiming control of Mali — Kidal and challenging Mali's military presence in the north.

Afrika Korps: Afrika Korps, under direct control of Russia's defense ministry, was involved in repelling attacks in Mali but ultimately withdrew from Mali — Kidal after an agreement with rebels, indicating a significant challenge to its operations in the region.