Arab Azawad Liberation Front & Wagner Group

Arab Azawad Liberation Front: Arab Azawad Liberation Front, a Tuareg-dominated rebel group, partnered with Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin to carry out coordinated attacks, claiming control of Mali — Kidal and challenging Mali's military presence in the north.

Wagner Group: The Wagner Group, predecessor to Afrika Korps, had previously supported the Malian army in retaking Kidal, highlighting the historical involvement of Russian mercenaries.

Arab Azawad Liberation Front: The Arab Azawad Liberation Front (FLA), an ethnic Tuareg separatist movement, participated in coordinated offensives with the Jama at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM) in late April, capturing towns and imposing a blockade on Bamako.

Wagner Group: The Wagner Group, a Russian paramilitary group, is mentioned as likely allied foreign fighters accused by the UN of executing civilians in Mali, indicating their involvement in the conflict and potential human rights abuses.